From 140701c99efb60d81bf63c9a9087720b21c414ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sfence <sfence.software@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Sep 2021 20:42:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] Add technic_on_disable callback (#592)
---
manual.md | 877 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
1 files changed, 662 insertions(+), 215 deletions(-)
diff --git a/manual.md b/manual.md
index f859e1f..833937e 100644
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+++ b/manual.md
@@ -1,244 +1,186 @@
-Minetest technic modpack user manual
-====================================
+# Technic User Manual
-The technic modpack extends the Minetest game with many new elements,
-mainly constructable machines and tools. It is a large modpack, and
-tends to dominate gameplay when it is used. This manual describes how
-to use the technic modpack, mainly from a player's perspective.
+The technic modpack extends Minetest Game (shipped with Minetest by default)
+with many new elements, mainly constructable machines and tools. This manual
+describes how to use the modpack, mainly from a player's perspective.
-The technic modpack depends on some other modpacks:
+Documentation of the mod dependencies can be found here:
-* the basic Minetest game
-* mesecons, which supports the construction of logic systems based on
- signalling elements
-* pipeworks, which supports the automation of item transport
-* moreores, which provides some additional ore types
+* [Minetest Game Documentation](https://wiki.minetest.net/Main_Page)
+* [Mesecons Documentation](http://mesecons.net/items.html)
+* [Pipeworks Documentation](https://gitlab.com/VanessaE/pipeworks/-/wikis/home)
+* [Moreores Forum Post](https://forum.minetest.net/viewtopic.php?t=549)
+* [Basic materials Repository](https://gitlab.com/VanessaE/basic_materials)
-This manual doesn't explain how to use these other modpacks, which ought
-to (but actually don't) have their own manuals.
+## Recipes
-Recipes for constructable items in technic are generally not guessable,
-and are also not specifically documented here. You should use a
-craft guide mod to look up the recipes in-game. For the best possible
-guidance, use the unified\_inventory mod, with which technic registers
-its specialised recipe types.
+Recipes for items registered by technic are not specifically documented here.
+Please consult a craft guide mod to look up the recipes in-game.
-substances
-----------
+**Recommended mod:** [Unified Inventory](https://github.com/minetest-mods/unified_inventory)
-### ore ###
+## Substances
-The technic mod makes extensive use of not just the default ores but also
-some that are added by mods. You will need to mine for all the ore types
-in the course of the game. Each ore type is found at a specific range of
-elevations, and while the ranges mostly overlap, some have non-overlapping
-ranges, so you will ultimately need to mine at more than one elevation
-to find all the ores. Also, because one of the best elevations to mine
-at is very deep, you will be unable to mine there early in the game.
+### Ores
-Elevation is measured in meters, relative to a reference plane that
-is not quite sea level. (The standard sea level is at an elevation
-of about +1.4.) Positive elevations are above the reference plane and
-negative elevations below. Because elevations are always described this
-way round, greater numbers when higher, we avoid the word "depth".
+Technic registers a few ores which are needed to craft machines or items.
+Each ore type is found at a specific range of elevations so you will
+ultimately need to mine at more than one elevation to find all the ores.
-The ores that matter in technic are coal, iron, copper, tin, zinc,
-chromium, uranium, silver, gold, mithril, mese, and diamond.
+Elevation (Y axis) is measured in meters. The reference is usually at sea
+level. Ores can generally be found more commonly by going downwards to -1000m.
-Coal is part of the basic Minetest game. It is found from elevation
-+64 downwards, so is available right on the surface at the start of
-the game, but it is far less abundant above elevation 0 than below.
-It is initially used as a fuel, driving important machines in the early
-part of the game. It becomes less important as a fuel once most of your
-machines are electrically powered, but burning fuel remains a way to
-generate electrical power. Coal is also used, usually in dust form, as
-an ingredient in alloying recipes, wherever elemental carbon is required.
+Note ¹: *These ores are provided by Minetest Game. See [Ores](https://wiki.minetest.net/Ores#Ores_overview) for a rough overview*
-Iron is part of the basic Minetest game. It is found from elevation
-+2 downwards, and its abundance increases in stages as one descends,
-reaching its maximum from elevation -64 downwards. It is a common metal,
-used frequently as a structural component. In technic, unlike the basic
-game, iron is used in multiple forms, mainly alloys based on iron and
-including carbon (coal).
+Note ²: *These ores are provided by moreores. TODO: Add reference link*
-Copper is part of the basic Minetest game (having migrated there from
-moreores). It is found from elevation -16 downwards, but is more abundant
-from elevation -64 downwards. It is a common metal, used either on its
-own for its electrical conductivity, or as the base component of alloys.
+#### Coal ¹
+Use: Fuel, alloy as carbon
+
+Burning coal is a way to generate electrical power. Coal is also used,
+usually in dust form, as an ingredient in alloying recipes, wherever
+elemental carbon is required.
+
+#### Iron ¹
+Use: multiple, mainly for alloys with carbon (coal).
+
+#### Copper ¹
+Copper is a common metal, used either on its own for its electrical
+conductivity, or as the base component of alloys.
Although common, it is very heavily used, and most of the time it will
be the material that most limits your activity.
-Tin is supplied by the moreores mod. It is found from elevation +8
-downwards, with no elevation-dependent variations in abundance beyond
-that point. It is a common metal. Its main use in pure form is as a
-component of electrical batteries. Apart from that its main purpose is
-as the secondary ingredient in bronze (the base being copper), but bronze
-is itself little used. Its abundance is well in excess of its usage,
-so you will usually have a surplus of it.
+#### Tin ¹
+Use: batteries, bronze
-Zinc is supplied by technic. It is found from elevation +2 downwards,
-with no elevation-dependent variations in abundance beyond that point.
-It is a common metal. Its main use is as the secondary ingredient
-in brass (the base being copper), but brass is itself little used.
-Its abundance is well in excess of its usage, so you will usually have
-a surplus of it.
+Tin is a common metal but is used rarely. Its abundance is well in excess
+of its usage, so you will usually have a surplus of it.
-Chromium is supplied by technic. It is found from elevation -100
-downwards, with no elevation-dependent variations in abundance beyond
-that point. It is a moderately common metal. Its main use is as the
-secondary ingredient in stainless steel (the base being iron).
+#### Zinc
+Use: brass
-Uranium is supplied by technic. It is found only from elevation -80 down
-to -300; using it therefore requires one to mine above elevation -300 even
-though deeper mining is otherwise more productive. It is a moderately
-common metal, useful only for reasons related to radioactivity: it forms
-the fuel for nuclear reactors, and is also one of the best radiation
-shielding materials available. It is not difficult to find enough uranium
-ore to satisfy these uses. Beware that the ore is slightly radioactive:
-it will slightly harm you if you stand as close as possible to it.
-It is safe when more than a meter away or when mined.
+Depth: 2m, more commonly below -32m
-Silver is supplied by the moreores mod. It is found from elevation -2
-downwards, with no elevation-dependent variations in abundance beyond
-that point. It is a semi-precious metal. It is little used, being most
-notably used in electrical items due to its conductivity, being the best
-conductor of all the pure elements.
+Zinc only has a few uses but is a common metal.
-Gold is part of the basic Minetest game (having migrated there from
-moreores). It is found from elevation -64 downwards, but is more
-abundant from elevation -256 downwards. It is a precious metal. It is
-little used, being most notably used in electrical items due to its
-combination of good conductivity (third best of all the pure elements)
-and corrosion resistance.
+#### Chromium
+Use: stainless steel
-Mithril is supplied by the moreores mod. It is found from elevation
--512 downwards, the deepest ceiling of any minable substance, with
-no elevation-dependent variations in abundance beyond that point.
-It is a rare precious metal, and unlike all the other metals described
-here it is entirely fictional, being derived from J. R. R. Tolkien's
+Depth: -100m, more commonly below -200m
+
+#### Uranium
+Use: nuclear reactor fuel
+
+Depth: -80m until -300m, more commonly between -100m and -200m
+
+It is a moderately common metal, useful only for reasons related to radioactivity:
+it forms the fuel for nuclear reactors, and is also one of the best radiation
+shielding materials available.
+
+Keep a safety distance of a meter to avoid being harmed by radiation.
+
+#### Silver ²
+Use: conductors
+
+Depth: -2m, evenly common
+
+Silver is a semi-precious metal and is the best conductor of all the pure elements.
+
+#### Gold ¹
+Use: various
+
+Depth: -64m, more commonly below -256m
+
+Gold is a precious metal. It is most notably used in electrical items due to
+its combination of good conductivity and corrosion resistance.
+
+#### Mithril ²
+Use: chests
+
+Depth: -512m, evenly common
+
+Mithril is a fictional ore, being derived from J. R. R. Tolkien's
Middle-Earth setting. It is little used.
-Mese is part of the basic Minetest game. It is found from elevation
--64 downwards. The ore is more abundant from elevation -256 downwards,
-and from elevation -1024 downwards there are also occasional blocks of
-solid mese (each yielding as much mese as nine blocks of ore). It is a
-precious gemstone, and unlike diamond it is entirely fictional. It is
-used in many recipes, though mainly not in large quantities, wherever
-some magical quality needs to be imparted.
+#### Mese ¹
+Use: various
-Diamond is part of the basic Minetest game (having migrated there from
-technic). It is found from elevation -128 downwards, but is more abundant
-from elevation -256 downwards. It is a precious gemstone. It is used
-moderately, mainly for reasons connected to its extreme hardness.
+Mese is a precious gemstone, and unlike diamond it is entirely fictional.
+It is used in small quantities, wherever some magic needs to be imparted.
-### rock ###
+#### Diamond ¹
+Use: mainly for cutting machines
-In addition to the ores, there are multiple kinds of rock that need to be
-mined in their own right, rather than for minerals. The rock types that
-matter in technic are standard stone, desert stone, marble, and granite.
+Diamond is a precious gemstone. It is used moderately, mainly for reasons
+connected to its extreme hardness.
-Standard stone is part of the basic Minetest game. It is extremely
-common. As in the basic game, when dug it yields cobblestone, which can
-be cooked to turn it back into standard stone. Cobblestone is used in
-recipes only for some relatively primitive machines. Standard stone is
-used in a couple of machine recipes. These rock types gain additional
-significance with technic because the grinder can be used to turn them
-into dirt and sand. This, especially when combined with an automated
-cobblestone generator, can be an easier way to acquire sand than
-collecting it where it occurs naturally.
+### Rocks
-Desert stone is part of the basic Minetest game. It is found specifically
-in desert biomes, and only from elevation +2 upwards. Although it is
-easily accessible, therefore, its quantity is ultimately quite limited.
-It is used in a few recipes.
+This section describes the rock types added by technic. Further rock types
+are supported by technic machines. These can be processed using the grinder:
-Marble is supplied by technic. It is found in dense clusters from
-elevation -50 downwards. It has mainly decorative use, but also appears
-in one machine recipe.
+ * Stone (plain)
+ * Cobblestone
+ * Desert Stone
-Granite is supplied by technic. It is found in dense clusters from
-elevation -150 downwards. It is much harder to dig than standard stone,
-so impedes mining when it is encountered. It has mainly decorative use,
-but also appears in a couple of machine recipes.
+#### Marble
+Depth: -50m, evenly common
-### rubber ###
+Marble is found in dense clusters and has mainly decorative use, but also
+appears in one machine recipe.
+#### Granite
+Depth: -150m, evenly common
+
+Granite is found in dense clusters and is much harder to dig than standard
+stone. It has mainly decorative use, but also appears in a couple of
+machine recipes.
+
+### Rubber
Rubber is a biologically-derived material that has industrial uses due
to its electrical resistivity and its impermeability. In technic, it
is used in a few recipes, and it must be acquired by tapping rubber trees.
-If you have the moretrees mod installed, the rubber trees you need
-are those defined by that mod. If not, technic supplies a copy of the
-moretrees rubber tree.
+Rubber trees are provided by technic if the moretrees mod is not present.
-Extracting rubber requires a specific tool, a tree tap. Using the tree
-tap (by left-clicking) on a rubber tree trunk block extracts a lump of
-raw latex from the trunk. Each trunk block can be repeatedly tapped for
-latex, at intervals of several minutes; its appearance changes to show
-whether it is currently ripe for tapping. Each tree has several trunk
-blocks, so several latex lumps can be extracted from a tree in one visit.
+Extract raw latex from rubber using the "Tree Tap" tool. Punch/left-click the
+tool on a rubber tree trunk to extract a lump of raw latex from the trunk.
+Emptied trunks will regenerate at intervals of several minutes, which can be
+observed by its appearance.
-Raw latex isn't used directly. It must be vulcanized to produce finished
-rubber. This can be performed by simply cooking the latex, with each
-latex lump producing one lump of rubber. If you have an extractor,
-however, the latex is better processed there: each latex lump will
-produce three lumps of rubber.
+To obtain rubber from latex, alloy latex with coal dust.
-### metal ###
+### Metals
+Generally, each metal can exist in five forms:
-Many of the substances important in technic are metals, and there is
-a common pattern in how metals are handled. Generally, each metal can
-exist in five forms: ore, lump, dust, ingot, and block. With a couple of
-tricky exceptions in mods outside technic, metals are only *used* in dust,
-ingot, and block forms. Metals can be readily converted between these
-three forms, but can't be converted from them back to ore or lump forms.
+ * ore -> stone containing the lump
+ * lump -> draw metal obtained by digging ("nuggets")
+ * dust -> grinder output
+ * ingot -> melted/cooked lump or dust
+ * block -> placeable node
-As in the basic Minetest game, a "lump" of metal is acquired directly by
-digging ore, and will then be processed into some other form for use.
-A lump is thus more akin to ore than to refined metal. (In real life,
-metal ore rarely yields lumps ("nuggets") of pure metal directly.
-More often the desired metal is chemically bound into the rock as an
-oxide or some other compound, and the ore must be chemically processed
-to yield pure metal.)
+Metals can be converted between dust, ingot and block, but can't be converted
+from them back to ore or lump forms.
-Not all metals occur directly as ore. Generally, elemental metals (those
-consisting of a single chemical element) occur as ore, and alloys (those
-consisting of a mixture of multiple elements) do not. In fact, if the
-fictional mithril is taken to be elemental, this pattern is currently
-followed perfectly. (It is not clear in the Middle-Earth setting whether
-mithril is elemental or an alloy.) This might change in the future:
-in real life some alloys do occur as ore, and some elemental metals
-rarely occur naturally outside such alloys. Metals that do not occur
-as ore also lack the "lump" form.
+#### Grinding
+Ores can be processed as follows:
-The basic Minetest game offers a single way to refine metals: cook a lump
-in a furnace to produce an ingot. With technic this refinement method
-still exists, but is rarely used outside the early part of the game,
-because technic offers a more efficient method once some machines have
-been built. The grinder, available only in electrically-powered forms,
-can grind a metal lump into two piles of metal dust. Each dust pile
-can then be cooked into an ingot, yielding two ingots from one lump.
-This doubling of material value means that you should only cook a lump
-directly when you have no choice, mainly early in the game when you
-haven't yet built a grinder.
+ * ore -> lump (digging) -> ingot (melting)
+ * ore -> lump (digging) -> 2x dust (grinding) -> 2x ingot (melting)
-An ingot can also be ground back to (one pile of) dust. Thus it is always
-possible to convert metal between ingot and dust forms, at the expense
-of some energy consumption. Nine ingots of a metal can be crafted into
-a block, which can be used for building. The block can also be crafted
-back to nine ingots. Thus it is possible to freely convert metal between
-ingot and block forms, which is convenient to store the metal compactly.
-Every metal has dust, ingot, and block forms.
+At the expense of some energy consumption, the grinder can extract more material
+from the lump, resulting in 2x dust which can be melted to two ingots in total.
+#### Alloying
Alloying recipes in which a metal is the base ingredient, to produce a
metal alloy, always come in two forms, using the metal either as dust
or as an ingot. If the secondary ingredient is also a metal, it must
be supplied in the same form as the base ingredient. The output alloy
-is also returned in the same form. For example, brass can be produced
-by alloying two copper ingots with one zinc ingot to make three brass
-ingots, or by alloying two piles of copper dust with one pile of zinc
-dust to make three piles of brass dust. The two ways of alloying produce
-equivalent results.
+is also returned in the same form.
+
+Example: 2x copper ingots + zinc ingot -> 3x brass ingot (alloying)
+
+The same will also work for dust ingredients, resulting in brass dist.
### iron and its alloys ###
@@ -672,6 +614,142 @@
in both locked and unlocked flavors. All of the chests work with the
pneumatic tubes of the pipeworks mod.
+radioactivity
+-------------
+
+The technic mod adds radioactivity to the game, as a hazard that can
+harm player characters. Certain substances in the game are radioactive,
+and when placed as blocks in the game world will damage nearby players.
+Conversely, some substances attenuate radiation, and so can be used
+for shielding. The radioactivity system is based on reality, but is
+not an attempt at serious simulation: like the rest of the game, it has
+many simplifications and deliberate deviations from reality in the name
+of game balance.
+
+In real life radiological hazards can be roughly divided into three
+categories based on the time scale over which they act: prompt radiation
+damage (such as radiation burns) that takes effect immediately; radiation
+poisoning that becomes visible in hours and lasts weeks; and cumulative
+effects such as increased cancer risk that operate over decades.
+The game's version of radioactivity causes only prompt damage, not
+any delayed effects. Damage comes in the abstracted form of removing
+the player's hit points, and is immediately visible to the player.
+As with all other kinds of damage in the game, the player can restore
+the hit points by eating food items. High-nutrition foods, such as the
+pie baskets supplied by the bushes\_classic mod, are a useful tool in
+dealing with radiological hazards.
+
+Only a small range of items in the game are radioactive. From the technic
+mod, the only radioactive items are uranium ore, refined uranium blocks,
+nuclear reactor cores (when operating), and the materials released when
+a nuclear reactor melts down. Other mods can plug into the technic
+system to make their own block types radioactive. Radioactive items
+are harmless when held in inventories. They only cause radiation damage
+when placed as blocks in the game world.
+
+The rate at which damage is caused by a radioactive block depends on the
+distance between the source and the player. Distance matters because the
+damaging radiation is emitted equally in all directions by the source,
+so with distance it spreads out, so less of it will strike a target
+of any specific size. The amount of radiation absorbed by a target
+thus varies in proportion to the inverse square of the distance from
+the source. The game imitates this aspect of real-life radioactivity,
+but with some simplifications. While in real life the inverse square law
+is only really valid for sources and targets that are small relative to
+the distance between them, in the game it is applied even when the source
+and target are large and close together. Specifically, the distance is
+measured from the center of the radioactive block to the abdomen of the
+player character. For extremely close encounters, such as where the
+player swims in a radioactive liquid, there is an enforced lower limit
+on the effective distance.
+
+Different types of radioactive block emit different amounts of radiation.
+The least radioactive of the radioactive block types is uranium ore,
+which causes 0.25 HP/s damage to a player 1 m away. A block of refined
+but unenriched uranium, as an example, is nine times as radioactive,
+and so will cause 2.25 HP/s damage to a player 1 m away. By the inverse
+square law, the damage caused by that uranium block reduces by a factor
+of four at twice the distance, that is to 0.5625 HP/s at a distance of 2
+m, or by a factor of nine at three times the distance, that is to 0.25
+HP/s at a distance of 3 m. Other radioactive block types are far more
+radioactive than these: the most radioactive of all, the result of a
+nuclear reactor melting down, is 1024 times as radioactive as uranium ore.
+
+Uranium blocks are radioactive to varying degrees depending on their
+isotopic composition. An isotope being fissile, and thus good as
+reactor fuel, is essentially uncorrelated with it being radioactive.
+The fissile U-235 is about six times as radioactive than the non-fissile
+U-238 that makes up the bulk of natural uranium, so one might expect that
+enriching from 0.7% fissile to 3.5% fissile (or depleting to 0.0%) would
+only change the radioactivity of uranium by a few percent. But actually
+the radioactivity of enriched uranium is dominated by the non-fissile
+U-234, which makes up only about 50 parts per million of natural uranium
+but is about 19000 times more radioactive than U-238. The radioactivity
+of natural uranium comes just about half from U-238 and half from U-234,
+and the uranium gets enriched in U-234 along with the U-235. This makes
+3.5%-fissile uranium about three times as radioactive as natural uranium,
+and 0.0%-fissile uranium about half as radioactive as natural uranium.
+
+Radiation is attenuated by the shielding effect of material along the
+path between the radioactive block and the player. In general, only
+blocks of homogeneous material contribute to the shielding effect: for
+example, a block of solid metal has a shielding effect, but a machine
+does not, even though the machine's ingredients include a metal case.
+The shielding effect of each block type is based on the real-life
+resistance of the material to ionising radiation, but for game balance
+the effectiveness of shielding is scaled down from real life, more so
+for stronger shield materials than for weaker ones. Also, whereas in
+real life materials have different shielding effects against different
+types of radiation, the game only has one type of damaging radiation,
+and so only one set of shielding values.
+
+Almost any solid or liquid homogeneous material has some shielding value.
+At the low end of the scale, 5 meters of wooden planks nearly halves
+radiation, though in that case the planks probably contribute more
+to safety by forcing the player to stay 5 m further away from the
+source than by actual attenuation. Dirt halves radiation in 2.4 m,
+and stone in 1.7 m. When a shield must be deliberately constructed,
+the preferred materials are metals, the denser the better. Iron and
+steel halve radiation in 1.1 m, copper in 1.0 m, and silver in 0.95 m.
+Lead would halve in 0.69 m (its in-game shielding value is 80). Gold halves radiation
+in 0.53 m (factor of 3.7 per meter), but is a bit scarce to use for
+this purpose. Uranium halves radiation in 0.31 m (factor of 9.4 per
+meter), but is itself radioactive. The very best shielding in the game
+is nyancat material (nyancats and their rainbow blocks), which halves
+radiation in 0.22 m (factor of 24 per meter), but is extremely scarce. See [technic/technic/radiation.lua](https://github.com/minetest-technic/technic/blob/master/technic/radiation.lua) for the in-game shielding values, which are different from real-life values.
+
+If the theoretical radiation damage from a particular source is
+sufficiently small, due to distance and shielding, then no damage at all
+will actually occur. This means that for any particular radiation source
+and shielding arrangement there is a safe distance to which a player can
+approach without harm. The safe distance is where the radiation damage
+would theoretically be 0.25 HP/s. This damage threshold is applied
+separately for each radiation source, so to be safe in a multi-source
+situation it is only necessary to be safe from each source individually.
+
+The best way to use uranium as shielding is in a two-layer structure,
+of uranium and some non-radioactive material. The uranium layer should
+be nearer to the primary radiation source and the non-radioactive layer
+nearer to the player. The uranium provides a great deal of shielding
+against the primary source, and the other material shields against
+the uranium layer. Due to the damage threshold mechanism, a meter of
+dirt is sufficient to shield fully against a layer of fully-depleted
+(0.0%-fissile) uranium. Obviously this is only worthwhile when the
+primary radiation source is more radioactive than a uranium block.
+
+When constructing permanent radiation shielding, it is necessary to
+pay attention to the geometry of the structure, and particularly to any
+holes that have to be made in the shielding, for example to accommodate
+power cables. Any hole that is aligned with the radiation source makes a
+"shine path" through which a player may be irradiated when also aligned.
+Shine paths can be avoided by using bent paths for cables, passing
+through unaligned holes in multiple shield layers. If the desired
+shielding effect depends on multiple layers, a hole in one layer still
+produces a partial shine path, along which the shielding is reduced,
+so the positioning of holes in each layer must still be considered.
+Tricky shine paths can also be addressed by just keeping players out of
+the dangerous area.
+
electrical power
----------------
@@ -828,7 +906,8 @@
energy to let an electrical network cope with mismatched supply and
demand. They have a secondary purpose of charging and discharging
powered tools. They are thus a mixture of electrical infrastructure,
-powered machine, and generator.
+powered machine, and generator. Battery boxes connect to cables only
+from the bottom.
MV and HV battery boxes have upgrade slots. Energy upgrades increase
the capacity of a battery box, each by 10% of the un-upgraded capacity.
@@ -843,16 +922,16 @@
infrastructure of that tier, just to get access to faster charging.
MV and HV battery boxes work with pneumatic tubes. An item can be input
-to the charging slot through the bottom of the battery box, or to the
-discharging slot through the top. Items are not accepted through the
-front, back, or sides. With a tube upgrade, fully charged/discharged
-tools (as appropriate for their slot) will be ejected through a side.
+to the charging slot through the sides or back of the battery box, or
+to the discharging slot through the top. With a tube upgrade, fully
+charged/discharged tools (as appropriate for their slot) will be ejected
+through a side.
### processing machines ###
The furnace, alloy furnace, grinder, extractor, compressor, and centrifuge
have much in common. Each implements some industrial process that
-transforms items into other items, and they manner in which they present
+transforms items into other items, and the manner in which they present
these processes as powered machines is essentially identical.
Most of the processing machines operate on inputs of only a single type
@@ -877,7 +956,7 @@
complex: it will put an arriving item in either input slot, preferring to
stack it with existing items of the same type. It doesn't matter which
slot each of the alloy furnace's inputs is in, so it doesn't matter that
-there's no direct control ovar that, but there is a risk that supplying
+there's no direct control over that, but there is a risk that supplying
a lot of one item type through tubes will result in both slots containing
the same type of item, leaving no room for the second input.
@@ -894,6 +973,388 @@
can accept inputs from tubes. Items arriving through the bottom of
the furnace go into the fuel slot, and items arriving from all other
directions go into the input slot.
+
+### music player ###
+
+The music player is an LV powered machine that plays audio recordings.
+It offers a selection of up to nine tracks. The technic modpack doesn't
+include specific music tracks for this purpose; they have to be installed
+separately.
+
+The music player gives the impression that the music is being played in
+the Minetest world. The music only plays as long as the music player
+is in place and is receiving electrical power, and the choice of music
+is controlled by interaction with the machine. The sound also appears
+to emanate specifically from the music player: the ability to hear it
+depends on the player's distance from the music player. However, the
+game engine doesn't currently support any other positional cues for
+sound, such as attenuation, panning, or HRTF. The impression of the
+sound being located in the Minetest world is also compromised by the
+subjective nature of track choice: the specific music that is played to
+a player depends on what media the player has installed.
+
+### CNC machine ###
+
+The CNC machine is an LV powered machine that cuts building blocks into a
+variety of sub-block shapes that are not covered by the crafting recipes
+of the stairs mod and its variants. Most of the target shapes are not
+rectilinear, involving diagonal or curved surfaces.
+
+Only certain kinds of building material can be processed in the CNC
+machine.
+
+### tool workshop ###
+
+The tool workshop is an MV powered machine that repairs mechanically-worn
+tools, such as pickaxes and the other ordinary digging tools. It has
+a single slot for a tool to be repaired, and gradually repairs the
+tool while it is powered. For any single tool, equal amounts of tool
+wear, resulting from equal amounts of tool use, take equal amounts of
+repair effort. Also, all repairable tools currently take equal effort
+to repair equal percentages of wear. The amount of tool use enabled by
+equal amounts of repair therefore depends on the tool type.
+
+The mechanical wear that the tool workshop repairs is always indicated in
+inventory displays by a colored bar overlaid on the tool image. The bar
+can be seen to fill and change color as the tool workshop operates,
+eventually disappearing when the repair is complete. However, not every
+item that shows such a wear bar is using it to show mechanical wear.
+A wear bar can also be used to indicate charging of a power tool with
+stored electrical energy, or filling of a container, or potentially for
+all sorts of other uses. The tool workshop won't affect items that use
+wear bars to indicate anything other than mechanical wear.
+
+The tool workshop has upgrade slots. Energy upgrades reduce its power
+consumption.
+
+It can work with pneumatic tubes. Tools to be repaired are accepted
+via tubes from any direction. With a tube upgrade, the tool workshop
+will also eject fully-repaired tools via one side, the choice of side
+depending on the machine's orientation, as for processing machines. It is
+safe to put into the tool workshop a tool that is already fully repaired:
+assuming the presence of a tube upgrade, the tool will be quickly ejected.
+Furthermore, any item of unrepairable type will also be ejected as if
+fully repaired. (Due to a historical limitation of the basic Minetest
+game, it is impossible for the tool workshop to distinguish between a
+fully-repaired tool and any item type that never displays a wear bar.)
+
+### quarry ###
+
+The quarry is an HV powered machine that automatically digs out a
+large area. The region that it digs out is a cuboid with a square
+horizontal cross section, located immediately behind the quarry machine.
+The quarry's action is slow and energy-intensive, but requires little
+player effort.
+
+The size of the quarry's horizontal cross section is configurable through
+the machine's interaction form. A setting referred to as "radius"
+is an integer number of meters which can vary from 2 to 8 inclusive.
+The horizontal cross section is a square with side length of twice the
+radius plus one meter, thus varying from 5 to 17 inclusive. Vertically,
+the quarry always digs from 3 m above the machine to 100 m below it,
+inclusive, a total vertical height of 104 m.
+
+Whatever the quarry digs up is ejected through the top of the machine,
+as if from a pneumatic tube. Normally a tube should be placed there
+to convey the material into a sorting system, processing machines, or
+at least chests. A chest may be placed directly above the machine to
+capture the output without sorting, but is liable to overflow.
+
+If the quarry encounters something that cannot be dug, such as a liquid,
+a locked chest, or a protected area, it will skip past that and attempt
+to continue digging. However, anything remaining in the quarry area
+after the machine has attempted to dig there will prevent the machine
+from digging anything directly below it, all the way to the bottom
+of the quarry. An undiggable block therefore casts a shadow of undug
+blocks below it. If liquid is encountered, it is quite likely to flow
+across the entire cross section of the quarry, preventing all digging.
+The depth at which the quarry is currently attempting to dig is reported
+in its interaction form, and can be manually reset to the top of the
+quarry, which is useful to do if an undiggable obstruction has been
+manually removed.
+
+The quarry consumes 10 kEU per block dug, which is quite a lot of energy.
+With most of what is dug being mere stone, it is usually not economically
+favorable to power a quarry from anything other than solar power.
+In particular, one cannot expect to power a quarry by burning the coal
+that it digs up.
+
+Given sufficient power, the quarry digs at a rate of one block per second.
+This is rather tedious to wait for. Unfortunately, leaving the quarry
+unattended normally means that the Minetest server won't keep the machine
+running: it needs a player nearby. This can be resolved by using a world
+anchor. The digging is still quite slow, and independently of whether a
+world anchor is used the digging can be speeded up by placing multiple
+quarry machines with overlapping digging areas. Four can be placed to
+dig identical areas, one on each side of the square cross section.
+
+### forcefield emitter ###
+
+The forcefield emitter is an HV powered machine that generates a
+forcefield reminiscent of those seen in many science-fiction stories.
+
+The emitter can be configured to generate a forcefield of either
+spherical or cubical shape, in either case centered on the emitter.
+The size of the forcefield is configured using a radius parameter that
+is an integer number of meters which can vary from 5 to 20 inclusive.
+For a spherical forcefield this is simply the radius of the forcefield;
+for a cubical forcefield it is the distance from the emitter to the
+center of each square face.
+
+The power drawn by the emitter is proportional to the surface area of
+the forcefield being generated. A spherical forcefield is therefore the
+cheapest way to enclose a specified volume of space with a forcefield,
+if the shape of the space doesn't matter. A cubical forcefield is less
+efficient at enclosing volume, but is cheaper than the larger spherical
+forcefield that would be required if it is necessary to enclose a
+cubical space.
+
+The emitter is normally controlled merely through its interaction form,
+which has an enable/disable toggle. However, it can also (via the form)
+be placed in a mesecon-controlled mode. If mesecon control is enabled,
+the emitter must be receiving a mesecon signal in addition to being
+manually enabled, in order for it to generate the forcefield.
+
+The forcefield itself behaves largely as if solid, despite being
+immaterial: it cannot be traversed, and prevents access to blocks behind
+it. It is transparent, but not totally invisible. It cannot be dug.
+Some effects can pass through it, however, such as the beam of a mining
+laser, and explosions. In fact, explosions as currently implemented by
+the tnt mod actually temporarily destroy the forcefield itself; the tnt
+mod assumes too much about the regularity of node types.
+
+The forcefield occupies space that would otherwise have been air, but does
+not replace or otherwise interfere with materials that are solid, liquid,
+or otherwise not just air. If such an object blocking the forcefield is
+removed, the forcefield will quickly extend into the now-available space,
+but it does not do so instantly: there is a brief moment when the space
+is air and can be traversed.
+
+It is possible to have a doorway in a forcefield, by placing in advance,
+in space that the forcefield would otherwise occupy, some non-air blocks
+that can be walked through. For example, a door suffices, and can be
+opened and closed while the forcefield is in place.
+
+power generators
+----------------
+
+### fuel-fired generators ###
+
+The fuel-fired generators are electrical power generators that generate
+power by the combustion of fuel. Versions of them are available for
+all three voltages (LV, MV, and HV). These are all capable of burning
+any type of combustible fuel, such as coal. They are relatively easy
+to build, and so tend to be the first kind of generator used to power
+electrical machines. In this role they form an intermediate step between
+the directly fuel-fired machines and a more mature electrical network
+powered by means other than fuel combustion. They are also, by virtue of
+simplicity and controllability, a useful fallback or peak load generator
+for electrical networks that normally use more sophisticated generators.
+
+The MV and HV fuel-fired generators can accept fuel via pneumatic tube,
+from any direction.
+
+Keeping a fuel-fired generator fully fuelled is usually wasteful, because
+it will burn fuel as long as it has any, even if there is no demand for
+the electrical power that it generates. This is unlike the directly
+fuel-fired machines, which only burn fuel when they have work to do.
+To satisfy intermittent demand without waste, a fuel-fired generator must
+only be given fuel when there is either demand for the energy or at least
+sufficient battery capacity on the network to soak up the excess energy.
+
+The higher-tier fuel-fired generators get much more energy out of a
+fuel item than the lower-tier ones. The difference is much more than
+is needed to overcome the inefficiency of supply converters, so it is
+worth operating fuel-fired generators at a higher tier than the machines
+being powered.
+
+### solar generators ###
+
+The solar generators are electrical power generators that generate power
+from sunlight. Versions of them are available for all three voltages
+(LV, MV, and HV). There are four types in total, two LV and one each
+of MV and HV, forming a sequence of four tiers. The higher-tier ones
+are each built mainly from three solar generators of the next tier down,
+and their outputs scale in rough accordance, tripling at each tier.
+
+To operate, an arrayed solar generator must be at elevation +1 or above
+and have a transparent block (typically air) immediately above it.
+It will generate power only when the block above is well lit during
+daylight hours. It will generate more power at higher elevation,
+reaching maximum output at elevation +36 or higher when sunlit. The small
+solar generator has similar rules with slightly different thresholds.
+These rules are an attempt to ensure that the generator will only operate
+from sunlight, but it is actually possible to fool them to some extent
+with light sources such as meselamps.
+
+### hydro generator ###
+
+The hydro generator is an LV power generator that generates a respectable
+amount of power from the natural motion of water. To operate, the
+generator must be horizontally adjacent to flowing water. The power
+produced is dependent on how much flow there is across any or all four
+sides, the most flow of course coming from water that's flowing straight
+down.
+
+### geothermal generator ###
+
+The geothermal generator is an LV power generator that generates a small
+amount of power from the temperature difference between lava and water.
+To operate, the generator must be horizontally adjacent to both lava
+and water. It doesn't matter whether the liquids consist of source
+blocks or flowing blocks.
+
+Beware that if lava and water blocks are adjacent to each other then the
+lava will be solidified into stone or obsidian. If the lava adjacent to
+the generator is thus destroyed, the generator will stop producing power.
+Currently, in the default Minetest game, lava is destroyed even if
+it is only diagonally adjacent to water. Under these circumstances,
+the only way to operate the geothermal generator is with it adjacent
+to one lava block and one water block, which are on opposite sides of
+the generator. If diagonal adjacency doesn't destroy lava, such as with
+the gloopblocks mod, then it is possible to have more than one lava or
+water block adjacent to the geothermal generator. This increases the
+generator's output, with the maximum output achieved with two adjacent
+blocks of each liquid.
+
+### wind generator ###
+
+The wind generator is an MV power generator that generates a moderate
+amount of energy from wind. To operate, the generator must be placed
+atop a column of at least 20 wind mill frame blocks, and must be at
+an elevation of +30 or higher. It generates more at higher elevation,
+reaching maximum output at elevation +50 or higher. Its surroundings
+don't otherwise matter; it doesn't actually need to be in open air.
+
+### nuclear generator ###
+
+The nuclear generator (nuclear reactor) is an HV power generator that
+generates a large amount of energy from the controlled fission of
+uranium-235. It must be fuelled, with uranium fuel rods, but consumes
+the fuel quite slowly in relation to the rate at which it is likely to
+be mined. The operation of a nuclear reactor poses radiological hazards
+to which some thought must be given. Economically, the use of nuclear
+power requires a high capital investment, and a secure infrastructure,
+but rewards the investment well.
+
+Nuclear fuel is made from uranium. Natural uranium doesn't have a
+sufficiently high proportion of U-235, so it must first be enriched
+via centrifuge. Producing one unit of 3.5%-fissile uranium requires
+the input of five units of 0.7%-fissile (natural) uranium, and produces
+four units of 0.0%-fissile (fully depleted) uranium as a byproduct.
+It takes five ingots of 3.5%-fissile uranium to make each fuel rod, and
+six rods to fuel a reactor. It thus takes the input of the equivalent
+of 150 ingots of natural uranium, which can be obtained from the mining
+of 75 blocks of uranium ore, to make a full set of reactor fuel.
+
+The nuclear reactor is a large multi-block structure. Only one block in
+the structure, the reactor core, is of a type that is truly specific to
+the reactor; the rest of the structure consists of blocks that have mainly
+non-nuclear uses. The reactor core is where all the generator-specific
+action happens: it is where the fuel rods are inserted, and where the
+power cable must connect to draw off the generated power.
+
+The reactor structure consists of concentric layers, each a cubical
+shell, around the core. Immediately around the core is a layer of water,
+representing the reactor coolant; water blocks may be either source blocks
+or flowing blocks. Around that is a layer of stainless steel blocks,
+representing the reactor pressure vessel, and around that a layer of
+blast-resistant concrete blocks, representing a containment structure.
+It is customary, though no longer mandatory, to surround this with a
+layer of ordinary concrete blocks. The mandatory reactor structure
+makes a 7×7×7 cube, and the full customary structure a
+9×9×9 cube.
+
+The layers surrounding the core don't have to be absolutely complete.
+Indeed, if they were complete, it would be impossible to cable the core to
+a power network. The cable makes it necessary to have at least one block
+missing from each surrounding layer. The water layer is only permitted
+to have one water block missing of the 26 possible. The steel layer may
+have up to two blocks missing of the 98 possible, and the blast-resistant
+concrete layer may have up to two blocks missing of the 218 possible.
+Thus it is possible to have not only a cable duct, but also a separate
+inspection hole through the solid layers. The separate inspection hole
+is of limited use: the cable duct can serve double duty.
+
+Once running, the reactor core is significantly radioactive. The layers
+of reactor structure provide quite a lot of shielding, but not enough
+to make the reactor safe to be around, in two respects. Firstly, the
+shortest possible path from the core to a player outside the reactor
+is sufficiently short, and has sufficiently little shielding material,
+that it will damage the player. This only affects a player who is
+extremely close to the reactor, and close to a face rather than a vertex.
+The customary additional layer of ordinary concrete around the reactor
+adds sufficient distance and shielding to negate this risk, but it can
+also be addressed by just keeping extra distance (a little over two
+meters of air).
+
+The second radiological hazard of a running reactor arises from shine
+paths; that is, specific paths from the core that lack sufficient
+shielding. The necessary cable duct, if straight, forms a perfect
+shine path, because the cable itself has no radiation shielding effect.
+Any secondary inspection hole also makes a shine path, along which the
+only shielding material is the water of the reactor coolant. The shine
+path aspect of the cable duct can be ameliorated by adding a kink in the
+cable, but this still yields paths with reduced shielding. Ultimately,
+shine paths must be managed either with specific shielding outside the
+mandatory structure, or with additional no-go areas.
+
+The radioactivity of an operating reactor core makes starting up a reactor
+hazardous, and can come as a surprise because the non-operating core
+isn't radioactive at all. The radioactive damage is survivable, but it is
+normally preferable to avoid it by some care around the startup sequence.
+To start up, the reactor must have a full set of fuel inserted, have all
+the mandatory structure around it, and be cabled to a switching station.
+Only the fuel insertion requires direct access to the core, so irradiation
+of the player can be avoided by making one of the other two criteria be
+the last one satisfied. Completing the cabling to a switching station
+is the easiest to do from a safe distance.
+
+Once running, the reactor will generate 100 kEU/s for a week (168 hours,
+604800 seconds), a total of 6.048 GEU from one set of fuel. After the
+week is up, it will stop generating and no longer be radioactive. It can
+then be refuelled to run for another week. It is not really intended
+to be possible to pause a running reactor, but actually disconnecting
+it from a switching station will have the effect of pausing the week.
+This will probably change in the future. A paused reactor is still
+radioactive, just not generating electrical power.
+
+A running reactor can't be safely dismantled, and not only because
+dismantling the reactor implies removing the shielding that makes
+it safe to be close to the core. The mandatory parts of the reactor
+structure are not just mandatory in order to start the reactor; they're
+mandatory in order to keep it intact. If the structure around the core
+gets damaged, and remains damaged, the core will eventually melt down.
+How long there is before meltdown depends on the extent of the damage;
+if only one mandatory block is missing, meltdown will follow in 100
+seconds. While the structure of a running reactor is in a damaged state,
+heading towards meltdown, a siren built into the reactor core will sound.
+If the structure is rectified, the siren will signal all-clear. If the
+siren stops sounding without signalling all-clear, then it was stopped
+by meltdown.
+
+If meltdown is imminent because of damaged reactor structure, digging the
+reactor core is not a way to avert it. Digging the core of a running
+reactor causes instant meltdown. The only way to dismantle a reactor
+without causing meltdown is to start by waiting for it to finish the
+week-long burning of its current set of fuel. Once a reactor is no longer
+operating, it can be dismantled by ordinary means, with no special risks.
+
+Meltdown, if it occurs, destroys the reactor and poses a major
+environmental hazard. The reactor core melts, becoming a hot, highly
+radioactive liquid known as "corium". A single meltdown yields a single
+corium source block, where the core used to be. Corium flows, and the
+flowing corium is very destructive to whatever it comes into contact with.
+Flowing corium also randomly solidifies into a radioactive solid called
+"Chernobylite". The random solidification and random destruction of
+solid blocks means that the flow of corium is constantly changing.
+This combined with the severe radioactivity makes corium much more
+challenging to deal with than lava. If a meltdown is left to its own
+devices, it gets worse over time, as the corium works its way through
+the reactor structure and starts to flow over a variety of paths.
+It is best to tackle a meltdown quickly; the priority is to extinguish
+the corium source block, normally by dropping gravel into it. Only the
+most motivated should attempt to pick up the corium in a bucket.
administrative world anchor
---------------------------
@@ -956,30 +1417,16 @@
This manual needs to be extended with sections on:
-* powered machines
- * CNC machine
- * music player
- * tool workshop
- * forcefield emitter
- * quarry
-* power generators
- * hydro
- * geothermal
- * fuel-fired
- * wind
- * solar
- * nuclear
-* tools
+* powered tools
* tool charging
* battery and energy crystals
* chainsaw
* flashlight
* mining lasers
- * liquid cans
* mining drills
* prospector
* sonic screwdriver
- * wrench
-* radioactivity
+* liquid cans
+* wrench
* frames
* templates
--
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